Antiemetic+&+Antinausea+Drugs

=//** ﻿Antiemetic and Antinausea Medications **//= = Nausea: = The unpleasant feeling that often precedes vomiting. **Emesis (vomiting):** Forcible emptying of gastric, and occasionally, intestinal contents.

=Antiemetic agents are used to relieve nausea and vomiting. = **Antiemetic Drug Classes** Anticholinergic Antihistamines Neuroleptic Prokinetic Serotonin Blockers Tetrahyrocannabinol (THC)

**Anticholinergic Drugs** -Scopolamine- Transdermal Patch It it used to dry GI secretions and reduce smooth muscle spasms & -for nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness -also to dry secretions before surgery **Side Effects:** Dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, rash



**Antihistamine Drugs**-Meclizine (Antivert, Bonine, Meni-D)These drugs block H1 receptors ins the same areas as anticholinergics, so they work in the same way They are used for motion sickness, sedation, rhinitis, allergies, nausea, vomoting, and a nonproductive cough. **Side Effects:** Dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, dry mouth

**Neuroleptic Drugs** -Prochlorperazine (Compazine), Promethazine (Phenergan)These drugs block the Dopamine receptors on the CTZ; desensitizes CTZ to signals it receives from the body. <span style="color: #0800ff; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">They also have anticholinergic effects. <span style="color: #0800ff; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">They are primarily used for antipsychotic effects, they are also used for intractable hiccups, nausea, and vomiting. <span style="color: #0800ff; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">**Side Effects:** <span style="color: #0800ff; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">Orthostatic hypotension, Akathisia, dystonia, and headache

<span style="color: #ff007d; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">**Prokinetic Drugs** <span style="color: #ff007d; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">-Metoclopramide (Reglan)Primary action: it stimulates peristalsis in GI tract which promotes gastric emptying. It also blocks Dopamine receptors on the CTZ which desensitizes CTZ to signals it receives. <span style="color: #ff007d; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">Again, these drugs have anticholinergic effects. <span style="color: #ff007d; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">They are used fro delayed gastric emptying, GERD, nausea, and vomiting. <span style="color: #ff007d; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">**Side Effects:** <span style="color: #ff007d; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">Hypotension, sedation, headache, dry mouth, and Tartive Dyskinesia

<span style="color: #ff4900; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">**Serotonin Blockers**-Ondansetron (Zofran)This class blocks serotonin receptors located in the GI tract, CTZ, and VC.It is used for nausea and vomiting associated with: **Side Effets:** Headache, bronchospasms
 * <span style="color: #ff4900; direction: ltr; display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">Chemotherapy
 * Post operative states
 * Hyperemesia in pregnancy

**Tetrahydocannabinol (THC)** -Dronabinol (Marinol), Medical Marijuana Mechanism of action: major psychoactive substance in marijuana, inhibitory effects on the reticulaer formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex. The alteration in mood and perceptions of surroundings relieve nausea. These drugs are used for nausea associated with cancer treatment and to facilitate weight gain in AIDS and anorexia

**Side Effects:** severe drowsiness media type="youtube" key="yK-UftmB6Po" width="425" height="350"

//** Many of these agents cause severe drowsiness so warn patients about driving or performing any hazardous tasks. **//
 * QUIZ **
 * 1). Which classification on antiemetic drugs causes a rash? **
 * 2). Which class is primarily used for antipsychotic effects but can be used for intractable hiccups? **
 * 3). Which drug is used to treat hyperemesis during pregnancy? **
 * 4). What is the primary action of Reglan? **
 * 5). Many antiemetic drugs cause ___________? **
 * 6). Which drug class has the side effect of Ta//rtive Dyskenesia?// **
 * //Answers: 1).// anticholinergics, 2). neuroleptics, 3). Zofran, 4). to stimulate peristalsis in GI tract, 5). severe drowsiness, 6). prokinetics **

Lilley, L., Harrington, S., & Snyder, J. (2011). //Pharmacology and the nursing process.// (6th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby
 * Reference: **