Antibiotics+-+Part+I+-+Chapter+38




 * What is an antibiotic? **
 * A medication that kills bacteria or slows their growth
 * Are classified based on their based on their chemical structure
 * Some common classes are sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, macrolides & tetracyclines
 * Act against types & species of different microorganisms that are infectious


 * Bacterial Infection? **


 * Microorganisms invade & multiply within a person and these signs & symptoms are commonly seen:




 * Fatigue
 * Weight loss
 * Pus
 * Fever
 * Chills & Sweats
 * Redness
 * Pain
 * Swelling
 * Increased WBC’s


 * How do I know which antibiotic to take? **
 * When a patient presents these signs and symptoms, they should seek medical attention
 * To begin the treatment of a bacterial infection, a broad spectrum antibiotic may be given
 * A culture which will identify the specific microorganism as either gram-positive or gram-negative should be ordered
 * Based on the results, an appropriate antibiotic may be prescribed to treat the unique microorganism that caused the infection


 * Some classes of Antibacterial Drugs (with details) are as follows: **

Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs): Sulfamethoxazole, Spetra, Bactrim, Pediazole || Urinary tract infection, nocaridosis (AIDS), pneumonia (PCP), Upper resp. tract infections || Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Staph. aureus, Pneumoncystis carinii || Photosensitivity, rash, convulsions, headache, hemolytic anemia & aplastic anemia || Avoid sunlight, NO TANNING! ||
 * Drug Name || Indications || Bacteria || Side Effects || Miscellaneous ||
 * Sulfadiazine,

Penicillins: Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Timentin, Zozysn || Presence of gram-positive bacteria || Staphylococcus species, Enterococcus, Streptococcus || Alergic reactions with hives, pruritus, welts, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain || Many interactions with other drugs such as: NSAIDS, oral contraceptives, Warfin ||
 * Drug Name || Indications || Bacteria || Side Effects || Miscellaneous ||
 * Ampicillin,

Cephalosporins: Examples from each: I. Keflex II. Ceftin III. Rocephin IV. Maxipime || I. Surgical prophylaxis, upper resp. infections, ear infections II. Abdominal/ colorectal prophylaxis surgeries III. Bacteria meningitis IV. Complicated urinary tract infections, uncomplicated skin infections || I. Positive II. Positive III. Negative IV. Positive || (General) Mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritis, redness, edema || Cross sensitivity with penicillins if allergy exists ||
 * Drug Name || Indications || Gram +/- || Side Effects || Miscellaneous ||
 * ** 4 Generations **

Carbapenems: and connective tissue infections, also used in treatment in bone, joint, skin and soft tissue infections || Broad spectrum antibacterial action || May cause drug induced seizure activity || Treats a hard to treat infection ||
 * Drug Name || Indications || Bacteria || Side Effects || Miscellaneous ||
 * Primaxin || <span style="color: #800080; font-size: 27px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Complicated body cavity

Monobactams:
 * Drug Name || Indications || Bacteria || Side Effects || Miscellaneous ||
 * Azactam || Moderately severe systemic infections and urinary tract infections || E. coli, Klebsilla species, Pseudomonas species || GI complections || In elderly women, restores estrogen against E. coli. ||

Macrolides (“mycins”): <span style="color: #ff4b00; font-size: 27px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Clamydia, Mycoplasma || Anorexia, vomiting, nausea, diahrrea, jaundice, flatulence, hepatoxicity || Prevents protein synthesis within bacterial cells ||
 * Drug Name || Indications || Bacteria || Side Effects || Miscellaneous ||
 * E-mecin, E.E.S., Zithromax || Strep infections, upper resp. infections, Syphilis, Lyme disease, Gonorrhea || <span style="color: #ff4b00; font-size: 27px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae,

Tetracyclines: <span style="color: #ff007e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lyme disease || Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlaymdia, Strepomyces || <span style="color: #ff007e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tooth discoloration in pregnant women and children under 8 as well as in utero and nursing infants. <span style="color: #ff007e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Alteration in intestinal flora, causing GI upset || Should not be taken with dairy products b/c the drug binds to calcium from the dairy, making the drug ineffective ||
 * Drug Name || Indications || Bacteria || Side Effects || Miscellaneous ||
 * Doryx, Vibramycin, Demeclocycline || <span style="color: #ff007e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, plural and pericardial effusions and


 * Reference: **

[|Lilley, L., Harrington, S., & Snyder, J. (2011). Pharmacology and the nursing process. (6th ed.).] [|St. Louis: Mosby]


 * __ Related You-Tube Videos: __**

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 * Antibiotic Use: **


 * Preview: Antibiotics & Food Supply: **

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__** Related Article and Video by CDC: **__

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 * Get Smart with Antibotics: **


 * Snort. Sniffle. Sneeze. No Antibiotics Please! **

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 * Reference: **

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work. Retrieved from []


 * Pop Quiz! **

1. What are the classifications of antibotics?

2. What is a broad-spectrum antibiotic ?

3. For the following, give an answer in the form of a question (think Jeopardy): A. Also known as "killing" bacteria. B. An antibiotic that inhibits the growth of the bacteria.

4. Why is it important to take a culture when prescribing antibiotics?

5. Name the signs and symptoms of an infection.


 * Scroll down to receive answers. **


 * Answers: **

1. Sulfonamides,penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, <span style="font-size: 26px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">monobactams, macrolides & tetracyclines

2. An antibiotic that is used to treat gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

<span style="font-size: 26px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Example:** Please see pg. 589 & read under 'Indications'

<span style="font-size: 26px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. A. What are bactericidal antibiotics? B. What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

<span style="font-size: 26px; line-height: 39px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">4. A culture should always been taken in order to prevent the bacteria from <span style="font-size: 26px; line-height: 39px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">becoming resistant to the antibiotic and to ensure that the infection is being <span style="font-size: 26px; line-height: 39px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">treated with the proper antibiotic.

<span style="font-size: 26px; line-height: 39px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5. Fatigue, weight loss, pus, fever, chills, sweats, redness, pain, swelling and increased white blood cells.

<span style="font-size: 26px; line-height: 39px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">We hope you learned a lot about Antibiotics!